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• Afghan and Turkic armies relied heavily on swift cavalry forces, enabling rapid movement across battlefields and allowing them to conduct surprise attacks and strategic manoeuvres against enemies.
• Mounted archery became a major tactical advantage, where soldiers could shoot arrows while riding horses, including the famous retreating attack technique known as the Parthian Shot.
• Strong logistical systems supported their campaigns, as rulers organised supply chains using animals such as camels to transport food, water and military equipment during long expeditions.
• Military commanders used encirclement strategies inspired by steppe warfare traditions, surrounding enemy forces from multiple directions and weakening them through coordinated attacks.
• Afghan and Turkic rulers introduced advanced siege warfare methods, including powerful catapults and elevated platforms to break fortified city walls and capture strategic strongholds.
• War elephants were also used during sieges to break gates and create fear among defending forces, playing a major role in early assault operations.
• The introduction of gunpowder and cannons during later periods transformed battlefield strategies and gradually replaced elephants as the primary method for destroying fortifications.
• Mughal rulers organised large mobile imperial camps that functioned like travelling administrative centres, allowing armies to operate efficiently while maintaining governance across vast territories.