Tribunals were introduced through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976) under Part XIV-A to provide speedy justice in administrative and specialized matters.

Articles 323A and 323B define their scope, structure, and jurisdiction.

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• Tribunals added by 42nd Amendment based on Swaran Singh Committee recommendation.
• Part XIV-A includes Article 323A and Article 323B.
• Article 323A deals with administrative tribunals for service matters.
• Article 323B covers tribunals for taxation, land reforms and other issues.
• Tribunals follow principles of natural justice, not Civil Procedure Code.
• Article 323A tribunals established only by Parliament.
• Article 323B tribunals can be set up by Parliament and State Legislatures.
• Administrative Tribunals Act 1985 led to creation of Central Administrative Tribunal.
• CAT handles recruitment and service matters of central government employees.
• Tribunals reduce burden on courts and ensure faster dispute resolution.