Human Rights Watch (HRW) has accused Israel of using white phosphorus in residential areas in southern Lebanon. The New York-based human rights organisation said it confirmed the use of the chemical weapon against civilians after analysing seven photographs that allegedly show white phosphorus munitions being fired over a neighbourhood in the town of Yohmor.
According to HRW, fires broke out in at least two homes following the attack, raising concerns about the safety of civilians in the area.
What is White Phosphorus?
White phosphorus is a highly reactive chemical substance often used in military operations. It reacts strongly with oxygen and can ignite on its own in air at around 30 degree Celsius. The chemical usually appears as a wax-like pale yellow or white solid and is often stored under water to prevent contact with air.
The substance is extremely dangerous because it can cause severe burns when it comes into contact with skin. These burns may continue until the chemical is completely used up or deprived of oxygen. In serious cases, the burns can reach the bone. Victims may suffer organ failure, major tissue damage, and long-term disability.
White phosphorus is also highly toxic. If it is swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through wounds, it can lead to liver failure, kidney damage, heart problems, and other serious health complications. When used in conflict, it can start large fires, ignite buildings or vegetation, and produce thick, toxic smoke.
Why Is White Phosphorus Used in War?
Militaries sometimes use white phosphorus because of its ability to produce thick smoke quickly. The smoke can hide troop movements and block the enemy's visibility on the battlefield. It can also be used to ignite targets such as fuel depots, ammunition storage sites, or military vehicles.
In addition, the chemical can help mark enemy positions, send signals to aircraft or artillery, and illuminate targets during night operations. However, its use is restricted under international humanitarian law and the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), especially in civilian areas.
Despite these restrictions, white phosphorus has reportedly been used in several recent conflicts, including the Iraq War, the war in Syria, and fighting in Gaza.
why It is Causing Concern?
The use of white phosphorus has raised serious concerns because many modern conflicts take place in cities where civilians live. In such environments, the chemical can cause fires, injuries, and widespread damage.
In current conflicts involving advanced weapons such as drones, missiles, and satellite surveillance, smoke-producing weapons are sometimes used to block sensors and reduce visibility. White phosphorus can also create bright flashes, thick smoke, and burning fragments that may cause panic and psychological pressure on enemy forces. However, its potential impact on civilians continues to make its use highly controversial.